المفاهيم

Fundamental concepts

The metaphysical framework of the commentary, to know before the board: where we come from, what brings things into being, the degrees of being, extinction and subsistence.

العلمal-ʿilm

knowledge

The divine knowing in which all things are known before they are: the origin of everything, within the thought of God.

العدمal-ʿadam

non-being

The absence of being of one's own. The creature, in itself, is nothing; it holds only through the One who sustains it.

المعدومal-maʿdūm

the unmanifested

That which is possible but has not yet come into existence: a reality waiting within the knowledge of God.

الوجودal-wujūd

existence, being

Real being. Strictly speaking, it belongs to God alone; the creature receives only a reflection of it, a loan.

الموجودal-mawjūd

the existent

That which actually exists: the creature insofar as it has received being.

السيرal-sayr

the journeying

The march of the soul through the degrees: not a movement in space, but a transformation of being.

مراتب الوجودmarātib al-wujūd

the degrees of being

Being is not flat: from the most subtle (the Essence) to the most dense (the mineral), a hierarchy of reality that the traveller ascends.

المقاماتal-maqāmāt

the stations

The stable dwellings, acquired through effort and kept: patience, contentment, certainty… One abides in them.

الأحوالal-aḥwāl

the states

The passing gifts that descend upon the heart without our prompting: fear, joy, contraction. They come and go — we do not possess them.

الفناءal-fanāʾ

extinction

The effacement of the self: ceasing to see oneself act, so as to see only God at work. Not the disappearance of being, but of the pretension of the self.

البقاءal-baqāʾ

subsistence

After extinction, to subsist through God: to return to the world, living by His life, acting without claiming the act as one's own.

البرزخal-barzakh

the interworld

The threshold between two worlds: neither one nor the other, the place of passage where realities become images.

الملكوتal-malakūt

the invisible world

The world of subtle realities, of angels and hidden meanings, behind the visible.

الجبروتal-jabarūt

the world of power

The degree of the divine attributes and power, between the divine world and the invisible kingdom.

اللاهوتal-lāhūt

the divine world

The degree of pure Lordship, beyond all form.

الناسوتal-nāsūt

the human world

The sensible, bodily world, where the way is walked concretely, day after day.

The four servanthoods

The same human being may believe himself free while serving his desire, his image or his comfort. The way leads from an unconscious servanthood to a lucid servanthood before God.

عبد الإيجاد

Servant through existence

Every creature depends on God in its very being: it does not hold itself by itself.

عبد العبودية

Servant through worship

The one who knows himself to be a servant, and freely submits to the divine order.

عبد الرزق

Servant of subsistence

Dependent on the gifts received — bread, health, goods — which he sometimes believes to be his own.

عبد الدنيا والهوى

Servant of the world and passion

The one who believes himself free while obeying his desire, his image, his ambition.

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